Hordeum vulgare

ATAC-seq analysis in barley crown tissues revealed that prolonged high-temperature exposure increased chromatin accessibility. Hypersensitive chromatin regions within genes exhibited higher repeatability than intergenic regions. Genes with open chromatin regions (OCRs) in regulatory elements included stress-responsive factors (calcium-dependent protein kinase, MAPK3, RLK, TIFY, bZIP, NPR1). Crucially, heat-induced loss of chromatin accessibility correlated with downregulation of gibberellin signaling-related genes. Chromatin accessibility changes showed stronger association with temperature response than genotype variation.

Hordeum vulgare

A single-point mutation (L130F) in the centromere-targeting domain of CENH3 reduces centromere loading in barley, sugar beet, and Arabidopsis thaliana. Haploids form when cenh3 L130F-complemented null mutants cross with wild-type plants due to uniparental chromosome elimination. This elimination requires competition between mutant and wild-type CENH3, as centromeres harboring exclusively mutant or wild-type CENH3 do not trigger elimination. The evolutionarily conserved mutation site enables broad haploid technology applications in crops.

Hordeum vulgare var. nudum

Genome-wide miRNA profiling in Tibetan hulless barley identified 156 miRNAs (35 known, 121 novel), with six novel miRNAs experimentally validated. Conserved miRNAs (e.g., miR156, miR166) regulate phytohormone signaling, metabolism, and development. Target prediction identified 1280 genes for 101 miRNAs; RLM-5' RACE validated PLN03212, MATE eukaryotic, and GRAS as targets of hvu-miR159a, hvu-miR166a, and hvu-miR171-3p, respectively. KEGG analysis showed targets predominantly associate with metabolic pathways. miRNA-target pairs regulate multigene expression through concordant miRNA expression and feedback loops, controlling embryonic development during germination and seedling growth.

Hordeum vulgare var. nudum

RNA-seq analysis identified 8,916 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between resistant (Kunlun 14) and susceptible (Z1141) Tibetan hulless barley infected with Pyrenophora graminea. Key DEGs were enriched in a plant–pathogen interaction pathway. Integrated small RNA and degradome sequencing validated four miRNA-target pairs regulating leaf stripe resistance: *Hvu-miR168-5p*/HvAGO1, *Hvu-novel-52*/HvGRF6, *Hvu-miR6195*/CLP, and *Hvu-miR159b*/GAMYB. Overexpression of HvAGO1 in Arabidopsis conferred resistance against Botrytis cinerea. Transcriptome and miRNA profiling of HvAGO1-overexpressing lines enabled construction of a protein-protein interaction network for barley leaf stripe resistance, providing targets for breeding disease-resistant varieties.

Hordeum brevisubulatum

We analyzed genetic diversity and population genetic structure of four artificial populations of wild barley (Hordeum brevisubulatum); 96 plants collected from the Songnen Prairie in northeastern China were analyzed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), specific-sequence amplified polymorphism (SSAP) and methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) markers.

Avena sativa

Metabolic gene clusters in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana are delineated by blocks of two different types of chromatin marks, histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (associated with cluster repression) and histone variant H2A.Z (associated with cluster activation) and that these features can be exploited in genome-wide mining approaches for cluster discovery. We further show that cluster-specific chromatin modifications mark metabolic gene clusters not only in A. thaliana but also in oat and maize.

Avena sativa

We report the first comprehensive study of the SPL/miR156 regulatory hub in oat in which 28 SPLs (AsSPLs) and 21 novel precursors of miR156 (AsmiR156) were identified.

Secale cereale

This study compared the level of methylation of cytosines on a global (ELISA) and genomic scale (MSAP) between the species of the genus Secale. We analyzed whether the interspecific variation of cytosine methylation was associated with the size of the genome (C-value) and the content of telomeric heterochromatin.